* βeta
Turkmenistan
Background :
Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary) was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to diversify its gas export routes beyond the existing Russian pipeline network. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first multi-candidate presidential electoral process in February 2007. Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a vice premier under NYYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president.
Location :
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Geographic Coordinates Center :
40 00 N, 60 00 E (Latitude, Longtitude)
Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :
| West | 46.68 |
| North | 47.02 |
| East | 66.68 |
| South | 35.14 |
Map references :
Asia
Area :
| total | 488 100 | square km |
| land | 469 930 | square km |
| water | 18 170 | square km |
Land boundaries :
| total | 3 736 | km |
| Afghanistan (af) | 744 | km |
| Iran (ir) | 992 | km |
| Kazakhstan (kz) | 379 | km |
| Uzbekistan (uz) | 1 621 | km |
Coastline :
0.00 km
Climate :
subtropical desert
Terrain :
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west
Elevation extremes :
| lowest point | 81 | metres |
Natural resources :
| natural gas | petroleum |
| salt | sulfur |
Land use :
| arable land | 4.51 | % |
| permanent crops | 0.14 | % |
| other | 95.35 | % |
Irrigated land :
18 000 square km
Total renewable water resources :
60 cubic km
current issues :
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
international agreements :
| Biodiversity | Climate Change |
| Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | Desertification |
| Hazardous Wastes | Ozone Layer Protection |
Population :
4 884 887
Indicators :
| Growth rate | 1.14 | % |
| Birth rate | 19.69 | births/1,000 population |
| Total fertility rate | 2.22 | children born/woman |
| Death rate | 6.31 | deaths/1,000 population |
| Net migration rate | -1.97 | migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure :
| 0-14 years | 28.90 | % |
| 15-64 years | 66.90 | % |
| 65 years and over | 4.30 | % |
Median age :
| total | 24.40 | years |
| male | 24.10 | years |
| female | 24.80 | years |
Sex ratio :
| at birth | 1.05 | male(s)/female |
| under 15 years | 1.02 | male(s)/female |
| 15-64 years | 0.98 | male(s)/female |
| 65 years and over | 0.77 | male(s)/female |
| total population | 0.98 | male(s)/female |
Health :
| Infant mortality rate | 45.36 | deaths/1,000 live births |
| Life expectancy at birth - total population | 67.87 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - male | 64.94 | years |
| Life expectancy at birth - female | 70.95 | years |
| HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate | 0.10 | % |
| HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS | 200 | |
| HIV-AIDS deaths | 100 |
Religions :
| Muslim | 89.00 | % |
| Eastern Orthodox | 9.00 | % |
| unknown | 2.00 | % |
Languages :
| Turkmen | 72.00 | % |
| Russian | 12.00 | % |
| Uzbek | 9.00 | % |
Literacy :
| total population | 98.80 | % |
| male | 99.30 | % |
| female | 98.30 | % |
Country name :
| conventional short form | Turkmenistan |
| local short form | Turkmenistan |
| former | Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic |
Country Codes :
| ISO 3166 | TM |
| ISO Numeric | 795 |
| ISO3 | TKM |
| FIPS | TX |
| ccTLD | tm |
| English | Turkmenistan |
Administrative divisions :
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat) and 1 independent city*: Ahal Welayaty (Anew), Ashgabat*, Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty|
Capital :
| name | Ashgabat |
| geographic coordinates | 37 57 N, 58 23 E |
| time difference | 5.00 |
International organization participation :
| ADB | CIS |
| EAPC | EBRD |
| ECO | FAO |
| G-77 | IBRD |
| ICAO | ICRM |
| IDA | IDB |
| IFC | IFRCS |
| ILO | IMF |
| IMO | IOC |
| IOM (observer) | ISO (correspondent) |
| ITU | Interpol |
| MIGA | NAM |
| OIC | OPCW |
| OSCE | PFP |
| UN | UNCTAD |
| UNESCO | UNIDO |
| UNWTO | UPU |
| WCO | WFTU |
| WHO | WIPO |
| WMO |
Independence :
1991-10-27
National holiday :
Independence Day
1991-10-27
Executive branch :
| President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW |
GDP - Gross Domestic product :
| PPP - Purchasing Power Parity | 33 590 000 000 | $ |
| Official Exchange Rate | 16 239 999 999 | |
| RGR - Real Growth rate | 6.10 | % |
| PPP - per capita | 6 700 | $ |
GDP Composition by sector :
| agriculture | 10.00 | % |
| industry | 33.90 | % |
| services | 56.00 | % |
Labor force - by occupation :
| agriculture | 48.20 | % |
| industry | 14.00 | % |
| services | 37.80 | % |
Other Indicators :
| Labor force | 2 300 000 | people |
| Unemployment rate | 60.00 | % |
| Population below poverty line | 30.00 | % |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 40.80 | |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 15.00 | % |
| Investment (gross fixed) | 6.40 | % of GDP |
| Current account balance | 2 011 000 000 | $ |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | 10 510 000 000 | $ |
| Debt external | 5 000 000 000 | $ |
| Military expenditures | 3.40 | % of GDP |
Household income or consumption by percentage share :
| lowest 10% | 2.60 | % |
| highest 10% | 31.70 | % |
Budget :
| revenues | 1 528 000 000 | $ |
| expenditures | 1 612 000 000 | $ |
Agriculture - products :
| cotton | grain |
| livestock |
Industries :
| food processing | natural gas |
| oil | petroleum products |
| textiles |
Industrial production growth rate :
-17.40 %
Energy :
| Electricity Production | 15 500 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Consumption | 13 000 000 000 | kWh |
| Electricity Exports | 2 500 000 000 | kWh |
| Oil Production | 191 800 | bbl/day |
| Oil Consumption | 153 400 | bbl/day |
| Oil Exports | 38 360 | bbl/day |
| Oil Proved reserves | 700 000 000 | bbl |
| Natural gas Production | 34 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Consumption | 20 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Natural gas Exports | 14 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
| Electricity Exports | 7 940 000 000 000 | cubic metres |
Value :
8 289 999 999 $
Partners :
| Ukraine (ua) | 51.60 | % |
| Poland (pl) | 10.00 | % |
| Hungary (hu) | 8.00 | % |
Commodities :
| cotton | crude oil |
| gas | petrochemicals |
| textiles |
Value :
4 442 000 000 $
Partners :
| Russia (ru) | 16.80 | % |
| China (cn) | 16.70 | % |
| Turkey (tr) | 13.80 | % |
| UAE | 10.20 | % |
| Ukraine (ua) | 7.80 | % |
| Germany (de) | 5.50 | % |
| Iran (ir) | 5.00 | % |
Commodities :
| chemicals | foodstuffs |
| machinery and equipment |
Currency-code :
TMM
Currency-name :
Turkmen manat
Communications :
| Telephons Main lines in use | 495 000 | |
| Telephons Mobile, Cellular | 810 000 | |
| FM Radio broadcast stations | 8 | |
| Television broadcast stations | 4 | |
| Internet Country code (ccTLD) | tm | |
| Internet Hosts | 755 | |
| Internet Users | 75 000 |
Transportation :
| Airports with paved runways | 22 | |
| Heliports | 1 | |
| Pipelines - gas | 6 417 | km |
| Pipelines - oil | 1 457 | km |
| Roadways - total | 58 592 | km |
| Roadways - paved | 47 577 | km |
| Roadways - unpaved | 11 015 | km |
| Railways | 2 980 | km |
| Waterways | 1 300 | km |
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