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Turkey

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Background :

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO; it holds a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council during 2009-10. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community. Over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy; it began accession membership talks with the European Union in 2005. 

Location :

Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

39 00 N, 35 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 25.67
North 42.11
East 44.84
South 35.82

Map references :

Middle East 

Area :

total 783 562 square km
land 769 632 square km
water 13 930 square km

Land boundaries :

total 2 648 km
Armenia (am) 268 km
Azerbaijan (az) 9 km
Bulgaria (bg) 240 km
Georgia (ge) 252 km
Greece (gr) 206 km
Iran (ir) 499 km
Iraq (iq) 352 km
Syria (sy) 822 km

Coastline :

7200.00 km

Climate :

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior 

Terrain :

high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 0 metres
highest point 5 166 metres

Natural resources :

antimony arable land
barite borate
celestite chromium
clay coal
copper emery
feldspar gold
hydropower iron ore
limestone magnesite
marble mercury
perlite pumice
pyrites

Land use :

arable land 29.81 %
permanent crops 3.39 %
other 66.80 %

Irrigated land :

52 150 square km

Natural hazards :

earthquakes

current issues :

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic 

international agreements :

Air Pollution Antarctic Treaty
Biodiversity Climate Change
Desertification Endangered Species
Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes
Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution
Wetlands

Population :

76 805 524 

Indicators :

Growth rate 1.31 %
Birth rate 18.66 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 2.21 children born/woman
Death rate 6.10 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 27.20 %
15-64 years 66.70 %
65 years and over 6.10 %

Median age :

total 27.70 years
male 27.40 years
female 28.10 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.84 male(s)/female
total population 1.02 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 25.78 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 71.96 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 70.12 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 73.89 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %

Religions :

Muslim 99.80 %
other 0.20 %

Languages :

Turkish  
Kurdish  

Literacy :

total population 87.40 %
male 95.30 %
female 79.60 %

Country name :

conventional long form Republic of Turkey
conventional short form Turkey
local long form Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form Turkiye

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 TR
ISO Numeric 792
ISO3 TUR
FIPS TU
ccTLD tr
English Turkey

Administrative divisions :

81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak 

Capital :

name Ankara
geographic coordinates 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference 2.00
daylight saving time 1

International organization participation :

ADB (nonregional member) Australia Group
BIS BSEC
CE CERN (observer)
CICA D-8
EAPC EBRD
ECO EU (applicant)
FAO FATF
G-20 IAEA
IBRD ICAO
ICC ICRM
IDA IDB
IEA IFAD
IFC IFRCS
IHO ILO
IMF IMO
IMSO IOC
IOM IPU
ISO ITSO
ITU ITUC
Interpol MIGA
MINURCAT NATO
NEA NSG
OAS (observer) OECD
OIC OPCW
OSCE PCA
Paris Club (associate) SECI
UN UN Security Council (temporary)
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNHCR UNIDO
UNIFIL UNMIS
UNOCI UNRWA
UNWTO UPU
WCO WEU (associate)
WFTU WHO
WIPO WMO
WTO ZC

Independence :

1923-10-29 

National holiday :

Republic Day

1923-10-29

Executive branch :

President Abdullah GUL Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN

Legislative branch :

AKP 46.70 %
CHP 20.80 %
MHP 14.30 %

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 859 800 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 608 000 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate -6.00 %
PPP - per capita 11 200 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 9.40 %
industry 25.90 %
services 64.70 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 29.50 %
industry 24.70 %
services 45.80 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 25 300 000 people
Unemployment rate 14.50 %
Population below poverty line 17.11 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 41.00
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6.50 %
Investment (gross fixed) 20.10 % of GDP
Current account balance - 11 000 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 75 300 000 000 $
Debt external 274 000 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad 14 300 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home 205 000 000 000 $
Market value of publicly traded shares 117 900 000 000 $
Military expenditures 5.30 % of GDP
Public debt 48.50 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 1.90 %
highest 10% 33.20 %

Budget :

revenues 145 300 000 000 $
expenditures 180 600 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

citrus cotton
grain hazelnuts
livestock olives
pulses sugar beets
tobacco

Industries :

automobiles boron
chromate construction
copper electronics
food processing mining
paper petroleum
steel textiles
timber

Energy :

Electricity Production 198 400 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 198 100 000 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 1 120 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 790 000 000 kWh
Oil Production 43 040 bbl/day
Oil Consumption 631 800 bbl/day
Oil Exports 149 100 bbl/day
Oil Imports 560 000 bbl/day
Oil Proved reserves 284 700 000 bbl
Natural gas Production 1 014 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Consumption 32 100 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Exports 721 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Imports 33 600 000 000 cubic metres
Electricity Exports 6 830 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

102 200 000 000 $

Commodities :

apparel foodstuffs
metals and manufactures textiles
transportation equipment

Value :

140 800 000 000 $

Commodities :

chemicals fuels
machinery semi-finished products
transportation equipment

Currency-name :

Turkish lira 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 17 502 000
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 65 824 000
Television broadcast stations 251
Internet Country code (ccTLD) tr
Internet Hosts 2 961 000
Internet Users 24 483 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 90
Heliports 21
Pipelines - gas 10 630 km
Pipelines - oil 3 636 km
Roadways - total 426 951 km
Roadways - expressways 1 987 km
Railways 8 697 km
Waterways 1 200 km

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