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China

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Background :

For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations. 

Location :

Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

35 00 N, 105 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 73.56
North 53.56
East 134.77
South 15.78

Area :

total 9 596 961 square km
land 9 569 901 square km
water 27 060 square km

Land boundaries :

total 22 117 km
Afghanistan (af) 76 km
Bhutan (bt) 470 km
Burma 2 185 km
India (in) 3 380 km
Kazakhstan (kz) 1 533 km
North Korea 1 416 km
Kyrgyzstan (kg) 858 km
Laos (la) 423 km
Mongolia (mn) 4 677 km
Nepal (np) 1 236 km
Pakistan (pk) 523 km
Russia (northeast) 3 605 km
Russia (northwest) 40 km
Tajikistan (tj) 414 km
Vietnam (vn) 1 281 km
Hong Kong (hk) 30 km
Macau 0. 34 km

Coastline :

14500.00 km

Climate :

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north 

Terrain :

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 154 metres
highest point 8 850 metres

Natural resources :

aluminum antimony
coal hydropower potential
iron ore lead
magnetite manganese
mercury molybdenum
natural gas petroleum
tin tungsten
uranium vanadium
zinc

Land use :

arable land 14.86 %
permanent crops 1.27 %
other 83.87 %

Irrigated land :

545 960 square km

Natural hazards :

damaging floods droughts
earthquakes frequent typhoons
tsunamis

current issues :

air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species 

international agreements :

Antarctic Treaty Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
Biodiversity Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Endangered Species Environmental Modification
Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea
Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection
Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83
Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands
Whaling

Population :

1 338 612 968 

Indicators :

Growth rate 0.66 %
Birth rate 14.00 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 1.79 children born/woman
Death rate 7.06 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate -0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 19.80 %
15-64 years 72.10 %
65 years and over 8.10 %

Median age :

total 34.10 years
male 33.50 years
female 34.70 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.10 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.91 male(s)/female
total population 1.06 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 20.25 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 73.47 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 71.61 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 75.52 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 700 000
HIV-AIDS deaths 39 000

Religions :

Buddhist 95.00 %
Christian 3.00 %
Muslim 1.00 %

Languages :

Standard Chinese or Mandarin  
Cantonese  
Wu  
Minbei  
Minnan  
Xiang  
Gan  
Hakka dialects  

Literacy :

total population 90.90 %
male 95.10 %
female 86.50 %

Country name :

conventional long form People's Republic of China
conventional short form China
local long form Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form Zhongguo

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 CN
ISO Numeric 156
ISO3 CHN
FIPS CH
ccTLD cn
English China

Administrative divisions :

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)||provinces:|Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)||autonomous regions:|Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)||municipalities:|Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin| 

Capital :

name Beijing
geographic coordinates 39 55 N, 116 23 E
time difference 8.00

International organization participation :

ADB APEC
APT ARF
ASEAN (dialogue partner) AfDB (nonregional member)
BIS CDB
CICA EAS
FAO FATF
G-20 G-24 (observer)
G-77 IAEA
IBRD ICAO
ICC ICRM
IDA IFAD
IFC IFRCS
IHO ILO
IMF IMO
IMSO IOC
IOM (observer) IPU
ISO ITSO
ITU Interpol
LAIA (observer) MIGA
MINURSO MONUC
NAM (observer) NSG
OAS (observer) OPCW
PCA PIF (partner)
SAARC (observer) SCO
SICA (observer) UN
UN Security Council UNAMID
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNHCR UNIDO
UNIFIL UNITAR
UNMIL UNMIS
UNMIT UNOCI
UNTSO UNWTO
UPU WCO
WFTU WHO
WIPO WMO
WTO ZC

National holiday :

Our Lady of Meritxell Day

1949-10-01

Executive branch :

President HU Jintao Prime Minister WEN Jiabao

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 8 791 000 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 4 758 000 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate 8.70 %
PPP - per capita 6 500 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 10.90 %
industry 48.60 %
services 40.50 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 39.50 %
industry 27.20 %
services 33.20 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 812 700 000 people
Unemployment rate 4.30 %
Population below poverty line 2.80 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 41.50
Inflation rate (consumer prices) -0.80 %
Investment (gross fixed) 42.60 % of GDP
Current account balance 296 200 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2 206 000 000 000 $
Debt external 347 100 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad 227 300 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home 576 100 000 000 $
Market value of publicly traded shares 2 794 000 000 000 $
Military expenditures 4.30 % of GDP
Public debt 18.20 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 3.50 %
highest 10% 15.00 %

Budget :

revenues 972 300 000 000 $
expenditures 1 137 000 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

apples barley
corn cotton
fish millet
oilseed peanuts
pork potatoes
rice tea
wheat

Industries :

aircraft aluminum
apparel armaments
cement chemicals
coal commercial space launch vehicles
consumer products electronics
fertilizer food processing
including automobiles including footwear
iron machine building
mining and ore processing other metals
petroleum rail cars and locomotives
satellites ships
steel telecommunications equipment
textiles toys
transportation equipment

Energy :

Electricity Production 3 451 000 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 3 438 000 000 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 16 640 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 3 842 000 000 kWh
Oil Production 3 795 000 bbl/day
Oil Consumption 7 999 000 bbl/day
Oil Exports 388 000 bbl/day
Oil Imports 4 393 000 bbl/day
Oil Proved reserves 15 550 000 000 bbl
Natural gas Production 76 100 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Consumption 80 700 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Exports 3 340 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Imports 4 440 000 000 cubic metres
Electricity Exports 2 460 000 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

1 194 000 000 000 $

Partners :

United States (us) 17.70 %
Hong Kong (hk) 13.30 %
Japan (jp) 8.10 %
South Korea 5.20 %
Germany (de) 4.10 %

Commodities :

apparel electrical machinery
including data processing equipment iron and steel
optical and medical equipment textiles

Value :

921 500 000 000 $

Partners :

Japan (jp) 13.30 %
South Korea 9.90 %
Tawian 9.20 %
United States (us) 7.20 %
Germany (de) 4.90 %

Commodities :

electrical oil and mineral fuels metal ores
optical and medical equipment organic chemicals
plastics

Currency-name :

Renminbi 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 365 600 000
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 634 000 000
FM Radio broadcast stations 259
Television broadcast stations 3 240
Internet Country code (ccTLD) cn
Internet Hosts 14 156 000
Internet Users 298 000 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 425
Heliports 45
Pipelines - gas 32 545 km
Pipelines - oil 20 097 km
Pipelines - refined products 10 915 km
Roadways - total 3 583 715 km
Roadways - expressways 53 913 km
Railways 77 834 km
Waterways 110 000 km

Photos

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