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Rwanda

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Background :

In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC; the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Rwanda held its first local elections in 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in 2003. Rwanda in 2009 staged a joint military operation with the Congolese Army in DRC to rout out the Hutu extremist insurgency there and Kigali and Kinshasa restored diplomatic relations. Rwanda also joined the Commonwealth in late 2009. 

Location :

Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

2 00 S, 30 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 28.86
North -1.05
East 30.90
South -2.84

Area :

total 26 338 square km
land 24 668 square km
water 1 670 square km

Land boundaries :

total 893 km
Burundi (bi) 290 km
Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km
Tanzania (tz) 217 km
Uganda (ug) 169 km

Coastline :

0.00 km

Climate :

temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible 

Terrain :

mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 950 metres
highest point 4 519 metres

Natural resources :

arable land cassiterite
gold hydropower
methane wolframite

Land use :

arable land 45.56 %
permanent crops 10.25 %
other 44.19 %

Irrigated land :

90 square km

Natural hazards :

periodic droughts volcanic mountains

current issues :

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching 

international agreements :

Biodiversity Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes
Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection
Wetlands

Population :

10 746 311 

Indicators :

Growth rate 2.87 %
Birth rate 38.06 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 5.12 children born/woman
Death rate 10.57 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate 1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 42.70 %
15-64 years 54.80 %
65 years and over 2.50 %

Median age :

total 18.70 years
male 18.50 years
female 18.90 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.00 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.66 male(s)/female
total population 0.99 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 67.18 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 56.77 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 55.43 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 58.14 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 2.80 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 150 000
HIV-AIDS deaths 7 800

Religions :

Roman Catholic 56.50 %
Protestant 26.00 %
Seventh-Day Adventist 11.10 %
Muslim 4.60 %
indigenous beliefs 0.10 %
none 1.70 %

Languages :

Kinyarwanda universal Bantu vernacular  
French  
English  
Kiswahili  

Literacy :

total population 70.40 %
male 76.30 %
female 64.70 %

Country name :

conventional long form Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form Rwanda
local long form Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form Rwanda
former Ruanda, German East Africa

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 RW
ISO Numeric 646
ISO3 RWA
FIPS RW
ccTLD rw
English Rwanda

Administrative divisions :

4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern) 

Capital :

name Kigali
geographic coordinates 1 57 S, 30 04 E
time difference 2.00

International organization participation :

ACP AU
AfDB C
CEPGL COMESA
EAC EADB
FAO G-77
IBRD ICAO
ICRM IDA
IFAD IFC
IFRCS ILO
IMF IOC
IOM IPU
ISO (correspondent) ITSO
ITU ITUC
Interpol MIGA
MINURCAT NAM
OIF OPCW
UN UNAMID
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNIDO UNMIS
UNWTO UPU
WCO WFTU
WHO WIPO
WMO WTO

Independence :

1962-07-01 

National holiday :

Independence Day

1962-07-01

Executive branch :

President Paul KAGAME Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA

Legislative branch :

RPF 78.80 %
PSD 13.10 %
PL 7.50 %

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 10 390 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 5 011 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate 5.50 %
PPP - per capita 1 000 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 42.60 %
industry 22.20 %
services 35.20 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 90.00 %
services 10.00 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 4 446 000 people
Population below poverty line 60.00 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 46.80
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 14.20 %
Investment (gross fixed) 19.60 % of GDP
Current account balance - 208 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 619 000 000 $
Military expenditures 2.90 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 2.10 %
highest 10% 38.20 %

Budget :

revenues 1 261 000 000 $
expenditures 1 391 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

bananas beans
coffee livestock
potatoes pyrethrum
sorghum tea

Industries :

agricultural products beverages
cement cigarettes
furniture plastic goods
shoes soap
textiles

Energy :

Electricity Production 120 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 231 600 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 10 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 130 000 000 kWh
Oil Consumption 6 000 bbl/day
Oil Imports 5 623 bbl/day
Electricity Exports 56 630 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

213 000 000 $

Commodities :

coffee hides
tea tin ore

Value :

786 000 000 $

Commodities :

cement and construction material foodstuffs
machinery and equipment petroleum products
steel

Currency-name :

Rwandan franc 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 16 800
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 1 323 000
FM Radio broadcast stations 10
Television broadcast stations 2
Internet Country code (ccTLD) rw
Internet Hosts 81
Internet Users 300 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 4
Roadways - total 14 008 km
Roadways - paved 2 662 km
Roadways - unpaved 11 346 km

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