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Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Background :

Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most government functions. The Dayton Accords also established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace and stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission changed from peacekeeping to civil policing in October 2007, with its presence reduced from nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength at the end of 2009 stood at roughly 2,000. 

Location :

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

44 00 N, 18 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 15.72
North 45.24
East 19.62
South 42.55

Area :

total 51 197 square km
land 51 187 square km
water 10 square km

Land boundaries :

total 1 538 km
Croatia (hr) 932 km
Montenegro (me) 249 km
Serbia (rs) 357 km

Coastline :

20.00 km

Climate :

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast 

Terrain :

mountains and valleys 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 0 metres
highest point 2 386 metres

Natural resources :

bauxite chromite
clay coal
cobalt copper
forests gypsum
hydropower iron ore
lead manganese
nickel salt
sand zinc

Land use :

arable land 19.61 %
permanent crops 1.89 %
other 78.50 %

Irrigated land :

30 square km

Natural hazards :

destructive earthquakes

current issues :

air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation 

international agreements :

Air Pollution Biodiversity
Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Desertification Hazardous Wastes
Law of the Sea Marine Life Conservation
Ozone Layer Protection Wetlands

Population :

4 613 414 

Indicators :

Growth rate 0.34 %
Birth rate 8.85 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 1.25 children born/woman
Death rate 8.63 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate 3.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 14.50 %
15-64 years 70.70 %
65 years and over 14.80 %

Median age :

total 39.80 years
male 38.70 years
female 41.00 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.69 male(s)/female
total population 0.97 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 9.10 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 78.50 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 74.92 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 82.34 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 900
HIV-AIDS deaths 100

Religions :

Muslim 40.00 %
Orthodox 31.00 %
Roman Catholic 15.00 %
other 14.00 %

Languages :

Bosnian  
Croatian  
Serbian  

Literacy :

total population 96.70 %
male 99.00 %
female 94.40 %

Country name :

conventional short form Bosnia and Herzegovina
local short form Bosna i Hercegovina
former People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 BA
ISO Numeric 70
ISO3 BIH
FIPS BK
ccTLD ba
English Bosnia and Herzegovina

Administrative divisions :

2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities; the District remains under international supervision 

Capital :

name Sarajevo
geographic coordinates 43 52 N, 18 25 E
time difference 1.00
daylight saving time 1

International organization participation :

BIS CE
CEI EAPC
EBRD FAO
G-77 IAEA
IBRD ICAO
ICCt ICRM
IDA IFAD
IFC IFRCS
ILO IMF
IMO IMSO
IOC IOM
IPU ISO
ITSO ITU
ITUC Interpol
MIGA MONUC
NAM (observer) OAS (observer)
OIC (observer) OPCW
OSCE PFP
SECI UN
UN Security Council (temporary) UNCTAD
UNESCO UNIDO
UNWTO UPU
WCO WFTU
WHO WIPO
WMO WTO (observer)

Independence :

1992-03-01 

National holiday :

National Day

1943-11-25

Executive branch :

President Zeljko KOMSIC Prime Minister Nikola SPIRIC

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 29 250 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 16 960 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate -2.90 %
PPP - per capita 6 300 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 10.20 %
industry 23.90 %
services 66.00 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 19.80 %
industry 32.60 %
services 47.60 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 1 863 000 people
Unemployment rate 40.00 %
Population below poverty line 25.00 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 56.20
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 0.60 %
Current account balance - 1 599 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 3 800 000 000 $
Debt external 8 414 999 999 $
Military expenditures 4.50 % of GDP
Public debt 43.00 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 2.80 %
highest 10% 27.40 %

Budget :

revenues 7 814 000 000 $
expenditures 8 571 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

corn fruits
livestock vegetables
wheat

Industries :

bauxite coal
domestic appliances iron ore
lead manganese
oil refining steel
tank and aircraft assembly textiles
tobacco products vehicle assembly
wooden furniture zinc

Energy :

Electricity Production 11 320 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 8 488 000 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 4 344 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 3 743 000 000 kWh
Oil Consumption 29 000 bbl/day
Oil Exports 191 bbl/day
Oil Imports 25 990 bbl/day
Natural gas Consumption 310 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Imports 310 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

4 363 000 000 $

Commodities :

clothing metals
wood products

Value :

9 952 000 000 $

Commodities :

chemicals foodstuffs
fuels machinery and equipment

Currency-name :

convertible mark 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 1 030 999
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 3 179 000
FM Radio broadcast stations 16
Television broadcast stations 33
Internet Country code (ccTLD) ba
Internet Hosts 69 370
Internet Users 1 308 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 7
Heliports 5
Roadways - total 21 846 km
Roadways - paved 11 425 km
Roadways - unpaved 10 421 km
Railways 1 000 km

Photos

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