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Serbia

X

Background :

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as the invaders. The military and political movement headed by Josip "TITO" Broz (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German and Croatian separatist forces were defeated in 1945. Although Communist, TITO's new government and his successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992, but Serbia continued its - ultimately unsuccessful - campaign until signing the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC kept tight control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999 and to the eventual withdrawal of Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in June 1999. UNSC Resolution 1244 in June 1999 authorized the stationing of a NATO-led force (KFOR) in Kosovo to provide a safe and secure environment for the region's ethnic communities, created a UN interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) to foster self-governing institutions, and reserved the issue of Kosovo's final status for an unspecified date in the future. In 2001, UNMIK promulgated a constitutional framework that allowed Kosovo to establish institutions of self-government and led to Kosovo's first parliamentary election. FRY elections in September 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. A broad coalition of democratic reformist parties known as DOS (the Democratic Opposition of Serbia) was subsequently elected to parliament in December 2000 and took control of the government. DOS arrested MILOSEVIC in 2001 and allowed for him to be tried in The Hague for crimes against humanity. (MILOSEVIC died in March 2006 before the completion of his trial.) In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted. In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics with a federal level parliament. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 caused the international community to open negotiations on the future status of Kosovo in January 2006. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right to secede from the federation and - following a successful referendum - it declared itself an independent nation on 3 June 2006. Two days later, Serbia declared that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. A new Serbian constitution was approved in October 2006 and adopted the following month. After 15 months of inconclusive negotiations mediated by the UN and four months of further inconclusive negotiations mediated by the US, EU, and Russia, on 17 February 2008, the UNMIK-administered province of Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia. 

Location :

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

44 00 N, 21 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 18.82
North 46.18
East 23.00
South 41.86

Area :

total 77 474 square km
land 77 474 square km
water 0 square km

Land boundaries :

total 2 026 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina (ba) 302 km
Bulgaria (bg) 318 km
Croatia (hr) 241 km
Hungary (hu) 151 km
Kosovo 352 km
Macedonia (mk) 62 km
Montenegro (me) 124 km
Romania (ro) 476 km

Coastline :

0.00 km

Climate :

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns) 

Terrain :

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 2 169 metres

Natural resources :

antimony arable land
chromite coal
copper gas
gold iron ore
limestone magnesium
marble oil
pyrite salt
silver zinc

Natural hazards :

destructive earthquakes

current issues :

air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube 

international agreements :

Air Pollution Biodiversity
Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Desertification Endangered Species
Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea
Marine Dumping Marine Life Conservation
Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution
Wetlands

Population :

7 379 339 

Indicators :

Growth rate -0.47 %
Birth rate 9.19 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 1.38 children born/woman
Death rate 13.86 deaths/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 15.40 %
15-64 years 67.80 %
65 years and over 16.80 %

Median age :

total 41.00 years
male 39.30 years
female 42.70 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.00 male(s)/female
total population 0.95 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 6.75 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 73.90 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 71.09 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 76.89 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 6 400
HIV-AIDS deaths 100

Religions :

Orthodox 85.00 %
Catholic 5.50 %
Protestant 1.10 %
Muslim 3.20 %
unspecified 2.60 %
other 2.60 %

Languages :

Serbian 88.30 %
Hungarian 3.80 %
Bosniak 1.80 %
Romany 1.10 %

Literacy :

total population 96.40 %
male 98.90 %
female 94.10 %

Country name :

conventional long form Republic of Serbia
conventional short form Serbia
local long form Republika Srbija
local short form Srbija
former People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 RS
ISO Numeric 688
ISO3 SRB
FIPS RB
ccTLD rs
English Serbia

Administrative divisions :

167 municipalities (opcstine, singular - opcstina)||Serbia Proper:|Belgrade City (Beograd): Barajevo, Cukarica, Grocka, Lazarevac, Mladenovac, Novi Beograd, Obrenovac, Palilula, Rakovica, Savski Venac, Sopot, Stari Grad, Surcin, Vozdovac, Vracar, Zemun, Zvezdara; Bor: Bor, Kladovo, Majdanpek, Negotin; Branicevo: Golubac, Kucevo, Malo Crnice, Petrovac, Pozarevac, Veliko Gradiste, Zabari, Zagubica; Grad Nis: Crveni Krst, Mediana, Niska Banja, Palilula, Pantelej Jablanica: Bojnik, Crna Trava, Lebane, Leskovac, Medveda, Vlasotince; Kolubara: Lajkovac, Ljig, Mionica, Osecina, Ub, Valjevo; Macva: Bogatic, Koceljeva, Krupanj, Ljubovija, Loznica, Mali Zvornik, Sabac, Vladimirci; Moravica: Cacak, Gornkji Milanovac, Ivanjica, Lucani; Nisava: Aleksinac, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Merosina, Nis, Razanj, Svrljig; Pcinja: Bosilegrad, Bujanovac, Presevo, Surdulica, Trgoviste, Vladicin Han, Vranje; Pirot: Babusnica, Bela Palanka, Dimitrovgrad, Pirot; Podunavlje: Smederevo, Smederevskia Palanka, Velika Plana; Pomoravlje: Cuprija, Despotovac, Jagodina, Paracin, Rekovac, Svilajnac; Rasina: Aleksandrovac, Brus, Cicevac, Krusevac, Trstenik, Varvarin; Raska: Kraljevo, Novi Pazar, Raska, Tutin, Vrnjacka Banja; Sumadija: Arandelovac, Batocina, Knic, Kragujevac, Lapovo, Raca, Topola; Toplica: Blace, Kursumlija, Prokuplje, Zitorada; Zajecar: Boljevac, Knjazevac, Sokobanja, Zajecar; Zlatibor: Arilje, Bajina Basta, Cajetina, Kosjeric, Nova Varos, Pozega, Priboj, Prijepolje, Sjenica, Uzice||Vojvodina Autonomous Province:|South Backa: Bac, Backa Palanka, Backi Petrovac, Becej, Beocin, Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci, Srobobran, Temerin, Titel, Vrbas, Zabalj; South Banat: Alibunar, Bela Crkva, Kovacica, Kovin, Opovo, Pancevo, Plandiste, Vrsac; North Backa: Backa Topola, Mali Idjos, Subotica; North Banat: Ada, Coka, Kanjiza, Kikinda, Novi Knezevac, Senta; Central Banat: Nova Crnja, Novi Becej, Secanj, Zitiste, Zrenjanin; Srem: Indija, Irig, Pecinci, Ruma, Sid, Sremska Mitrovica, Stara Pazova; West Backa: Apatin, Kula, Odzaci, Sombor 

Capital :

name Belgrade
geographic coordinates 44 50 N, 20 30 E
time difference 1.00
daylight saving time 1

International organization participation :

BSEC CE
CEI EAPC
EBRD FAO
G-9 IAEA
IBRD ICAO
ICC ICCt
ICRM IDA
IFC IFRCS
IHO ILO
IMF IMO
IMSO IOC
IOM IPU
ISO ITSO
ITU ITUC
Interpol MIGA
MONUC NAM (observer)
OAS (observer) OIF (observer)
OPCW OSCE
PCA PFP
SECI UN
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNHCR UNIDO
UNMIL UNOCI
UNWTO UPU
WCO WFTU
WHO WIPO
WMO WTO (observer)

Independence :

2006-06-05 

National holiday :

National Day

2010-02-15

Executive branch :

President Boris TADIC Prime Minister Mirko CVETKOVIC

Legislative branch :

For a European Serbia coalition 38.40 %
SRS 29.50 %
DSS-NS 11.60 %
SPS-led coalition 7.60 %
LPD 5.20 %
other 7.70 %

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 77 010 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 42 390 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate -4.60 %
PPP - per capita 10 400 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 12.30 %
industry 24.20 %
services 63.50 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 30.00 %
industry 46.00 %
services 24.00 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 2 961 000 people
Unemployment rate 18.80 %
Population below poverty line 6.50 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 30.00
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 6.80 %
Investment (gross fixed) 20.10 % of GDP
Current account balance - 6 889 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 14 220 000 000 $
Debt external 26 240 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home 11 950 000 000 $
Market value of publicly traded shares 23 930 000 000 $
Public debt 37.00 % of GDP

Budget :

revenues 9 600 000 000 $
expenditures 9 800 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

beef corn
milk pork
raspberries sugar beets
sunflowers wheat

Industries :

apparel base metals
chemicals food processing
furniture machinery
pharmaceuticals sugar
tires

Energy :

Electricity Production 33 869 999 999 kWh
Electricity Exports 12 050 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 11 230 000 000 kWh
Oil Production 11 420 bbl/day
Oil Exports 3 641 bbl/day
Oil Imports 70 760 bbl/day
Oil Proved reserves 77 500 000 bbl
Natural gas Production 650 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Consumption 2 550 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Imports 2 100 000 000 cubic metres
Electricity Exports 48 140 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

8 824 000 000 $

Commodities :

apparel fruit and vegetables
iron and steel metals
wheat

Currency-name :

Serbian dinar 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 3 085 000
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 9 619 000
Television broadcast stations 138
Internet Country code (ccTLD) rs
Internet Hosts 181 313
Internet Users 2 936 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 10
Heliports 2
Pipelines - gas 1 921 km
Pipelines - oil 323 km
Roadways - total 36 875 km
Roadways - paved 31 392 km
Roadways - unpaved 5 483 km
Railways 3 379 km
Waterways 587 km

Photos

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