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Eritrea

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Background :

Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. Eritrea hosted a UN peacekeeping operation that monitored a 25 km-wide Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) on the border with Ethiopia. Eritrea's denial of fuel to the mission caused the UN to withdraw the mission and terminate its mandate 31 July 2008. An international commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its findings in 2002. However, both parties have been unable to reach agreement on implementing the decision. On 30 November 2007, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission remotely demarcated the border by coordinates and dissolved itself, leaving Ethiopia still occupying several tracts of disputed territory, including the town of Badme. Eritrea accepted the EEBC's "virtual demarcation" decision and called on Ethiopia to remove its troops from the TSZ which it states is Eritrean territory. Ethiopia has not accepted the virtual demarcation decision. 

Location :

Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

15 00 N, 39 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 36.44
North 18.00
East 43.13
South 12.36

Area :

total 117 600 square km
land 101 000 square km
water 16 600 square km

Land boundaries :

total 1 626 km
Djibouti (dj) 109 km
Ethiopia (et) 912 km
Sudan (sd) 605 km

Coastline :

2234.00 km

Climate :

hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands 

Terrain :

dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 75 metres
highest point 3 018 metres

Natural resources :

copper fish
gold possibly oil and natural gas
potash salt
zinc

Land use :

arable land 4.78 %
permanent crops 0.03 %
other 95.19 %

Irrigated land :

210 square km

Natural hazards :

frequent droughts

current issues :

deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare 

international agreements :

Biodiversity Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes
Ozone Layer Protection

Population :

5 647 168 

Indicators :

Growth rate 2.58 %
Birth rate 34.20 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 4.72 children born/woman
Death rate 8.43 deaths/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 42.80 %
15-64 years 53.70 %
65 years and over 3.60 %

Median age :

total 18.40 years
male 18.00 years
female 18.80 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.84 male(s)/female
total population 0.98 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 43.33 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 61.78 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 59.71 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 63.90 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 1.30 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 38 000
HIV-AIDS deaths 2 600

Religions :

Muslim  
Coptic Christian  
Roman Catholic  

Languages :

Afar  
Arabic  
Tigre  
Kunama  
Tigrinya  
Cushitic  

Literacy :

total population 58.60 %
male 69.90 %
female 47.60 %

Country name :

conventional long form State of Eritrea
conventional short form Eritrea
local long form Hagere Ertra
local short form Ertra
former Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 ER
ISO Numeric 232
ISO3 ERI
FIPS ER
ccTLD er
English Eritrea

Administrative divisions :

6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub (Southern), Debubawi K'eyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka, Ma'akel (Central), Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea) 

Capital :

name Asmara
geographic coordinates 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference 3.00

International organization participation :

ACP AU
AfDB COMESA
FAO G-77
IAEA IBRD
ICAO ICCt (signatory)
IDA IFAD
IFC IFRCS (observer)
ILO IMF
IMO IOC
ISO (subscriber) ITU
ITUC Interpol
LAS (observer) MIGA
NAM OPCW
PCA UN
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNIDO UNWTO
UPU WCO
WFTU WHO
WIPO WMO

Independence :

1993-05-24 

National holiday :

Independence Day

1993-05-24

Executive branch :

President ISAIAS Afworki

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 4 101 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 1 694 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate 2.50 %
PPP - per capita 700 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 17.30 %
industry 23.20 %
services 59.50 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 80.00 %
services 20.00 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 1 935 000 people
Population below poverty line 50.00 %
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 15.50 %
Investment (gross fixed) 18.70 % of GDP
Current account balance - 254 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 22 000 000 $
Debt external 311 000 000 $
Military expenditures 6.30 % of GDP

Budget :

revenues 232 700 000 $
expenditures 576 100 000 $

Agriculture - products :

corn cotton
fish goats
lentils livestock
sisal sorghum
tobacco vegetables

Industries :

beverages cement
clothing food processing
light manufacturing salt
textiles

Energy :

Electricity Production 271 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 228 000 000 kWh
Oil Consumption 5 000 bbl/day
Oil Imports 4 790 bbl/day

Value :

12 000 000 $

Partners :

India (in) 25.30 %
Italy (it) 20.70 %
Sudan (sd) 14.10 %
China (cn) 12.90 %
France (fr) 5.50 %
Saudi Arabia (sa) 5.40 %

Commodities :

food livestock
small manufactures sorghum
textiles

Value :

590 000 000 $

Commodities :

food machinery
manufactured products petroleum products

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 40 400
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 108 600
Television broadcast stations 2
Internet Country code (ccTLD) er
Internet Hosts 1 307
Internet Users 200 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 4
Heliports 1
Roadways - total 4 010 km
Roadways - paved 874 km
Roadways - unpaved 3 136 km
Railways 306 km

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