🇻🇺

Vanuatu

Australia-Oceania • Countries •
Vanuatu - Panoramic Places of Interest Atlas including Chief Roi Mata's Domain, National Museum of Vanuatu, Pentecost Island (Naghol Land Diving), Fanafo Village, SS President Coolidge, Million Dollar Point, Ekasup Cultural Village, The Secret Garden Outdoor and Cultural Centre, Port Vila Market, Mount Yasur, Ambrym Volcanoes (Mt Marum & Mt Benbow), Millennium Cave, Siri Waterfall and Lake Letas, Mount Tabwemasana, Tanna Coffee Roasting Factory, Matevulu Blue Hole

Top Sights & Landmarks

01

Chief Roi Mata's Domain

Ancient Chief's Legacy

02

National Museum of Vanuatu

Keeper of Ni-Vanuatu Culture

03

Pentecost Island (Naghol Land Diving)

Birthplace of Bungee Jumping

04

Fanafo Village

Heart of the Nagriamel Movement

05

SS President Coolidge

World's Largest Accessible Shipwreck

06

Million Dollar Point

WWII Sunken Fortune

07

Ekasup Cultural Village

Living Ancestral Traditions

08

The Secret Garden Outdoor and Cultural Centre

Botanical and Historical Haven

09

Port Vila Market

Vibrant Heart of Local Commerce

10

Mount Yasur

The Lighthouse of the Pacific

11

Ambrym Volcanoes (Mt Marum & Mt Benbow)

The Black Magic Island

12

Millennium Cave

Jungle Canyon and Cave Expedition

13

Siri Waterfall and Lake Letas

Gaua's Majestic Waters

14

Mount Tabwemasana

Vanuatu's Highest Peak

15

Tanna Coffee Roasting Factory

Agricultural Resilience

16

Matevulu Blue Hole

Sapphire Jungle Spring

Background

Austronesian speakers from the Solomon Islands first settled Vanuatu around 2000 B.C. By around 1000, localized chieftain systems began to develop on the islands. Around 1600, Melanesian Chief ROI MATA united some of the islands of modern-day Vanuatu under his rule. In 1606, a Portuguese explorer was the first European to see Vanuatu's Banks Islands and Espiritu Santo, setting up a short-lived settlement on the latter. The next European explorers arrived in the 1760s, and the islands -- then known as the New Hebrides -- were frequented by whalers in the 1800s. European interest in harvesting the islands’ sandalwood trees caused conflict with the inhabitants. In the 1860s, European planters in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Samoa needed labor and kidnapped almost half the adult males on the islands to work as indentured servants. With growing and overlapping interests in the islands, France and the UK agreed that the New Hebrides would be neutral in 1878 and established a joint naval commission in 1887. In 1906, the two countries created the UK-France condominium to jointly administer the islands, with separate laws, police forces, currencies, and education and health systems. The condominium arrangement was dysfunctional, and the UK used France’s initial defeat in World War II to assert greater control over the islands. During the war, the US stationed up to 50,000 soldiers in Vanuatu. In 1945, they withdrew and sold their equipment, leading to the rise of political and religious movements known as "cargo cults," such as the John Frum movement. The UK-France condominium was reestablished after World War II. The UK was interested in moving the condominium toward independence in the 1960s, but France was hesitant. Political parties agitating for independence began to form, largely divided along linguistic lines. France eventually relented, and elections were held in 1974, with independence granted to the newly named Vanuatu in 1980 under English-speaking Prime Minister Walter LINI. The Nagriamel Movement, with support from French-speaking landowners, then declared the island of Espiritu Santo independent from Vanuatu, but the short-lived state was dissolved 12 weeks later. Linguistic divisions have lessened over time, but highly fractious political parties have led to weak coalition governments that require support from both Anglophone and Francophone parties. Since 2008, prime ministers have been ousted more than a dozen times through no-confidence motions or temporary procedural issues.

Location

Latitude
-16° N
Longitude
167° E
N S W E
World Map Location
Geographic Location

Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Map Reference
Oceania

Area

Total Area
12,189 sq km
Land (100%)
Land: 12,189 sq km
Water: 0 sq km

Elevation

Highest Point
Tabwemasana
Tabwemasana 1,877 m
Lowest Point
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean 0 m

Detailed Geography Information

Coastline

2,528 km

Geography - note

a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes, including several underwater volcanoes

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

total: 0 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin note: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

Natural hazards

tropical cyclones (January to April); volcanic activity; volcanism also causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis volcanism: significant volcanic activity with multiple eruptions in recent years; Yasur (361 m), one of the world's most active volcanoes, has experienced continuous activity in recent centuries; other historically active volcanoes include Aoba, Ambrym, Epi, Gaua, Kuwae, Lopevi, Suretamatai, and Traitor's Head

Natural resources

manganesehardwood forestsfish

Terrain

mostly mountainous islands of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains

Population & Growth

+1.50% Growth
322,915
Total inhabitants (2025 est.)
Male: 49.6% (160,255) Female: 50.4% (162,660)

Age Distribution

0-14 years
31.1%
~100,427
15-64 years
63.8%
~206,020
65 years
5.0%
~16,146
Note: 2024 est.

Demographic Longevity

Median Age
24.9 years
Male
24.1 yrs
Female
25 yrs
Life Expectancy
75.7 years
Male
74 yrs
Female
77.4 yrs

Vital Dynamics

Birth Rate
20.36
births per 1,000 people
Death Rate
4.02
deaths per 1,000 people
Net Migration
-1.24
migrants per 1,000 people
Fertility Rate
2.46
children born per woman

Detailed People & Society Information

Alcohol consumption per capita

1.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

68.6% (2020 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 55.8 (2025 est.) youth dependency ratio: 47.7 (2025 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 8.2 (2025 est.) potential support ratio: 12.3 (2025 est.)

Education expenditure

7.6%

7.6% of GDP (2023 est.) 20.1% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Ni-Vanuatu
99%
other (European
1%

Gross reproduction rate

1.2 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

4.4%

4.4% of GDP (2021) 3.9% of national budget (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.) male: 15 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

indigenous languages
82.6%
Bislama
14.5%
English
2.1%
French
0.8%

Literacy

total population: 88% (2023 est.) male: 87.7% (2023 est.) female: 88.2% (2023 est.)

Major urban areas - population

53,000 PORT-VILA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

100 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Nationality

noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) adjective: Ni-Vanuatu

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

25.2% (2016)

Physician density

0.16 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Population distribution

three quarters of the population lives in rural areas; the urban populace lives primarily in two cities, Port-Vila and Lugenville; the three largest islands -- Espiritu Santo, Malakula, and Efate -- accommodate over half of the populace

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Total Displaced & Vulnerable Persons
2,336 individuals
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
100.0%
2,336
2,336 (2024 est.)

Religions

Protestant (Presbyterian
39.9%
Seventh Day Adventist
14.8%
Anglican
12%
Churches of Christ
5%
Assemblies of God
4.9%
Neil Thomas Ministry/Inner Life Ministry
3.2%
Roman Catholic
12.1%
Apostolic
2.3%
Church of Jesus Christ
1.8%
customary beliefs
3.1%
other
12%
none
1.4%
unspecified
0.1%

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 17.8% (2020 est.) male: 33% (2020 est.) female: 2.6% (2020 est.)

Climate & Issues

Climate Profile

tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April

Key Environmental Issues
water pollution limited potable water inadequate sanitation deforestation

Land Cover

Coverage Distribution
Agri (15%)
Forest (75%)
Arable: 1.6%
Crops: 10.3%
Pasture: 3.4%
Forest: 74.8%

Air & Carbon Emissions

Annual CO2 Output 2023 est.
292,000
Coal (0%) Oil (100%) Gas (0%)
PM2.5 Exposure 9.1 µg/m³
0 5 (WHO Limit) 15 25 35+

Water Resources & Use

Renewable Water Resources 10 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Detailed Environmental Information

International environmental agreements

Antarctic-Marine Living ResourcesBiodiversityClimate ChangeClimate Change-Kyoto ProtocolClimate Change-Paris AgreementComprehensive Nuclear Test BanDesertificationEndangered SpeciesHazardous WastesLaw of the SeaMarine Dumping-London ConventionMarine Dumping-London ProtocolOzone Layer ProtectionShip PollutionWetlands

Urbanization

urban population: 26% of total population (2023) rate of urbanization: 2.55% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually: 70,200 tons (2024 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 52.9% (2022 est.)

Capital & State Profile

Capital City
Port-Vila
-17.7333° N, 168.3167° E
Timezone UTC+11
Government Type
parliamentary republic
Independence 1980-07-30
National Holiday 07-30

Executive Branch

Chief of State
President Nikenike VUROBARAVU (since 23 July 2022)
Head of Government
Prime Minister Jotham NAPAT (since 11 February 2025)
Last Election 23 July 2022
Next Election 2027
Cabinet Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, responsible to Parliament

Legislative Branch

unicameral
Legislature Name Parliament
Seats & Term
52 (all directly elected) seats / 4 years
Women in Chamber
1.9% Representation
Electoral System proportional representation
Parties Composition
Leaders Party of Vanuatu (LPV) 9Vanua'aku Pati (VP) 7Iauko Group (IG) 6Union of Moderate Parties (UMP) 6Rural Development Party (RDP) 6Graon mo Jastis Pati (Land and Justice Party, GJP) 5Reunification Movement for Change (RMC) 5Other 8

National Identity & Symbols

National Flag Description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles triangle (based on the left side); a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal "Y" faces the left side and encloses the triangle; a boar's tusk in the triangle circles two crossed namele fern fronds, all in yellow

Symbolic Meaning red stands for unity and the blood of men and boars, green for the richness of the islands, and black for the ni-Vanuatu people; the yellow "Y" reflects the islands' layout in the Pacific Ocean and symbolizes the light of the Gospel; the boar's tusk is a symbol of prosperity; the ferns represent peace
National Symbol boar's tusk with crossed fern fronds
National Colors red, black, green, yellow
National Anthem Yumi, Yumi, Yumi (We, We, We)

Detailed Government Information

Administrative divisions

6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Vanuatu; in the case of only one parent, it must be the father who is a citizen dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

history: draft completed August 1979, finalized by constitution conference 19 September 1979, ratified by French and British Governments 23 October 1979, effective 30 July 1980 at independence amendment process: proposed by the prime minister or by the Parliament membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by Parliament in special session with at least three fourths of the membership; passage of amendments affecting the national and official languages, or the electoral and parliamentary system also requires approval in a referendum

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu conventional short form: Vanuatu local long form: Ripablik blong Vanuatu local short form: Vanuatu former: New Hebrides etymology: the name means "Our land forever" in several of the Austronesian languages spoken on the islands; the former name, New Hebrides, was given by Captain James COOK in 1774 because he thought they looked similar to the Hebrides islands off the coast of Scotland

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of 2 or more judges of the Supreme Court designated by the chief justice); Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 6 puisne judges -- 3 local and 3 expatriate) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other judges appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 4-member advisory body; judges serve until the age of retirement subordinate courts: Magistrates Courts; Island Courts

Legal system

mixed system of English common law, French law, and customary law

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural) selected World Heritage Site locales: Chief Roi Mata’s Domain

Political parties

Iauko Group (Eagle Party) or IG Land and Justice Party (Graon mo Jastis Pati or GJP) Leaders Party of Vanuatu or LPV Rural Development Party or RDP Reunification of Movement for Change or RMC Union of Moderate Parties or UMP Vanua'aku Pati (Our Land Party) or VP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economic Overview

lower-middle income Pacific island economy; extremely reliant on subsistence agriculture and tourism; environmentally fragile; struggling post-pandemic and Tropical Cyclone Harold rebound; sizeable inflation; road infrastructure aid from Australia

Size & Performance

Real GDP (PPP)
$1.039 billion
Latest available estimate (2024)
2023: $999.162 million2022: $1.009 billion
Real GDP Growth
4% (2024 est.)
+4%
GDP Per Capita (PPP)
$3,200
2023: $3,1002022: $3,200

GDP Sector Breakdown

Agriculture: 24.9%Industry: 7.5%Services: 60.4%
Origin GDP %
Agriculture 24.9%
Industry 7.5%
Services 60.4%

Trade Balance

Trade Position
Trade Deficit
$427.26 million
Total Exports
$152.087 million (2022 est.)
Total Imports
$579.347 million (2022 est.)
Exports (21%) Imports (79%)

Budget Balance

Budget Position
Budget Surplus
+$7.92 million
Revenues
$386.577 million (2023 est.)
Expenditures
$378.659 million (2023 est.)
Revenues (51%) Expenditures (49%)

Export Profile

Top Export Partners

Note: 2023; top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

Major Export Commodities

fishshipsperfume plantswoodcopra

Import Profile

Top Import Partners

26.0%
11.0%
9.0%
8.0%
Note: 2023; top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Major Import Commodities

refined petroleumshipsplastic productspoultrytrucks

Labor & Employment

Total Labor Force 118,100 (2024 est.)
General Unemployment Rate 5.1%
Youth Unemployment (Ages 15-24) 11.6%
Population Below Poverty Line 15.9% (2019 est.)

Income Inequality

Gini Coefficient (Family Income) 32.3
0 (Perfect Equality) Moderate Inequality 100 (Perfect Inequality)

Family Income / Consumption Share

Lowest 10%: 3% (2019 est.) Highest 10%: 24.7% (2019 est.)
Inequality Gap: Top 10% holds 8.2x the share of the bottom 10%.

Detailed Economic Data

Agricultural products

coconutsorangesyamscabbagestarobananaspepperschestnutssweet potatoescassava

Current account balance

-$127.432 million (2022 est.) -$75.451 million (2021 est.) -$57.858 million (2020 est.) note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

$299.746 million (2023 est.) note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Exchange rates

vatu (VUV) per US dollar - Exchange rates: 119.167 (2024 est.) 119.112 (2023 est.) 115.354 (2022 est.) 109.452 (2021 est.) 115.38 (2020 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

Industrial production growth rate

-19.7% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

food and fish freezingwood processingmeat canning

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

11.2% (2023 est.) 6.7% (2022 est.) 2.3% (2021 est.) note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Public debt

71.7% of GDP (2023 est.) note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Remittances

12.9% of GDP (2023 est.) 19.2% of GDP (2022 est.) 20.3% of GDP (2021 est.) note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$614.65 million (2024 est.) $643.768 million (2023 est.) $638.537 million (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Taxes and other revenues

17.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.) note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Grid Infrastructure

Electricity Access 70%
Urban: 97% Rural: 60.7%
Capacity 39,000 kW (2023 est.)
Consumption 74.766 million kWh (2023 est.)
Grid Losses: 5.264 million kWh (2023 est.)

Generation Mix

Percentage Share of Production
fossil fuels 74.9%
hydroelectricity 11.2%
solar 8.7%
wind 5%
biomass and waste 0.1%

Fossil Fuels Production

Petroleum
Consumption 2,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Intensity & Nuclear

Energy Consumption Per Capita 12.934 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
No nuclear energy infrastructure or reactor operations reported in this country dossier.

Digital Access

.vu
Internet Usage 46%

Active internet users as a percentage of the total population.

Fixed Broadband

Penetration Rate 1 / 100
Total Subscriptions 4,000 (2022 est.)

Mobile Cellular

Penetration Rate 89 / 100
Total Subscriptions 286,000 (2023 est.)

Broadcast Media

1 state-owned TV station; multi-channel pay TV available; state-owned Radio Vanuatu has 2 radio stations; 2 privately owned radio broadcasters; multiple international broadcasts available (2023)

Aviation

YJ
Airports
31
As of 2025

Ports & Harbors

Ports Count 3
Hover for breakdown & key ports As of 2024

Merchant Marine

Commercial Fleet
338 ships
Hover for vessel types breakdown As of 2023

Service & Defense Details

Military and security forces

no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force (VPF) note: the VPF includes the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) and Police Maritime Wing (VMW); the VMF has external security responsibilities

Military - note

the separate British and French police forces were unified in 1980 as the New Hebrides Constabulary, which was commanded by Ni-Vanuatu officers while retaining some British and French officers as advisors; the Constabulary was subsequently renamed the Vanuatu Police Force later in 1980 the Vanuatu Mobile Force has received training and other support from Australia, China, France, New Zealand, and the US Vanuatu has a "shiprider" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within Vanuatu's designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; "shiprider" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2025)