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Mongolia

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Background :

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a Communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more Mongols live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party. The prime minister and most cabinet members are MPRP members. 

Location :

Northern Asia, between China and Russia 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

46 00 N, 105 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 87.75
North 52.15
East 119.92
South 41.57

Area :

total 1 564 116 square km
land 1 553 556 square km
water 10 560 square km

Land boundaries :

total 8 220 km
China (cn) 4 677 km
Russia (ru) 3 543 km

Coastline :

0.00 km

Climate :

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) 

Terrain :

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 518 metres
highest point 4 374 metres

Natural resources :

coal copper
fluorspar gold
iron molybdenum
nickel oil
phosphates silver
tin tungsten
zinc

Land use :

arable land 0.76 %
permanent crops 0.00 %
other 99.24 %

Irrigated land :

840 square km

Natural hazards :

dust storms

current issues :

limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment 

international agreements :

Biodiversity Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Endangered Species Environmental Modification
Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea
Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution
Wetlands Whaling

Population :

3 041 142 

Indicators :

Growth rate 1.49 %
Birth rate 21.05 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 2.23 children born/woman
Death rate 6.12 deaths/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 28.10 %
15-64 years 67.90 %
65 years and over 4.00 %

Median age :

total 25.30 years
male 24.90 years
female 25.70 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.00 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.77 male(s)/female
total population 1.00 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 39.88 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 67.65 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 65.23 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 70.19 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 500
HIV-AIDS deaths 200

Religions :

Buddhist Lamaist 50.00 %
Shamanist and Christian 6.00 %
Muslim 4.00 %
none 40.00 %

Languages :

Khalkha Mongol 90.00 %
Turkic  
Russian  

Literacy :

total population 97.80 %
male 98.00 %
female 97.50 %

Country name :

conventional short form Mongolia
local short form Mongol Uls
former Outer Mongolia

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 MN
ISO Numeric 496
ISO3 MNG
FIPS MG
ccTLD mn
English Mongolia

Administrative divisions :

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs 

Capital :

name Ulaanbaatar
geographic coordinates 47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference 8.00

International organization participation :

ADB ARF
CICA CP
EBRD FAO
G-77 IAEA
IBRD ICAO
ICCt ICRM
IDA IFAD
IFC IFRCS
ILO IMF
IMO IOC
IOM IPU
ISO ITSO
ITU ITUC
Interpol MIGA
MINURCAT MINURSO
MONUC NAM
OPCW OSCE (partner)
SCO (observer) UN
UNCTAD UNESCO
UNIDO UNMIL
UNMIS UNWTO
UPU WCO
WFTU WHO
WIPO WMO
WTO

Independence :

1921-07-11 

National holiday :

Independence Day

1921-07-11

Executive branch :

President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ Prime Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 9 459 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 4 205 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate -1.60 %
PPP - per capita 3 400 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 21.20 %
industry 29.50 %
services 49.30 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 34.00 %
industry 5.00 %
services 61.00 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 1 068 000 people
Unemployment rate 2.80 %
Population below poverty line 36.10 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 32.80
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 4.20 %
Current account balance - 228 700 000 $
Debt external 1 860 000 000 $
Market value of publicly traded shares 412 000 000 $
Military expenditures 1.40 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 2.90 %
highest 10% 24.90 %

Budget :

revenues 1 380 000 000 $
expenditures 1 600 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

barley camels
cattle forage crops
goats horses
sheep vegetables
wheat

Industries :

beverages cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
construction and construction materials copper
fluorspar food
gold mining
molybdenum oil
processing of animal products tin
tungsten

Energy :

Electricity Production 4 030 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 3 439 000 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 21 200 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 186 100 000 kWh
Oil Production 5 100 bbl/day
Oil Consumption 15 000 bbl/day
Oil Exports 5 300 bbl/day

Value :

1 902 000 000 $

Commodities :

animal products apparel
cashmere coal
copper fluorspar
hides livestock
metals wool

Value :

2 130 999 999 $

Partners :

Russia (ru) 38.40 %
China (cn) 27.80 %
Japan (jp) 7.40 %
South Korea 6.00 %

Commodities :

automobiles building materials
chemicals food products
fuels industrial consumer products
machinery and equipment sugar
tea

Currency-name :

togrog/tugrik 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 165 000
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 1 796 000
FM Radio broadcast stations 108
Television broadcast stations 99
Internet Country code (ccTLD) mn
Internet Hosts 524
Internet Users 330 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 14
Heliports 1
Roadways - total 49 250 km
Roadways - expressways 1 994 km
Roadways - paved 2 824 km
Roadways - unpaved 46 426 km
Railways 1 810 km
Waterways 580 km

Photos

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