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Egypt

X

Background :

The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure. 

Location :

Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula 

Geographic Coordinates Center :

27 00 N, 30 00 E  (Latitude, Longtitude)

Geographic Coordinates Rectangle :

West 24.70
North 31.67
East 35.79
South 21.73

Area :

total 1 001 450 square km
land 995 450 square km
water 6 000 square km

Land boundaries :

total 2 665 km
Gaza Strip 11 km
Israel (il) 266 km
Libya (ly) 1 115 km
Sudan (sd) 1 273 km

Coastline :

2450.00 km

Climate :

desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters 

Terrain :

vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta 

Elevation extremes :

lowest point 133 metres
highest point 2 629 metres

Natural resources :

asbestos gypsum
iron ore lead
limestone manganese
natural gas petroleum
phosphates talc
zinc

Land use :

arable land 2.92 %
permanent crops 0.50 %
other 96.58 %

Irrigated land :

34 220 square km

Natural hazards :

dust storms floods
frequent earthquakes lides
periodic droughts torms

current issues :

agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources 

international agreements :

Biodiversity Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification
Endangered Species Environmental Modification
Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea
Marine Dumping Ozone Layer Protection
Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83
Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands

Population :

78 866 635 

Indicators :

Growth rate 2.03 %
Birth rate 25.43 births/1,000 population
Total fertility rate 3.05 children born/woman
Death rate 4.88 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate -0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Age structure :

0-14 years 33.00 %
15-64 years 62.70 %
65 years and over 4.30 %

Median age :

total 24.80 years
male 24.40 years
female 25.20 years

Sex ratio :

at birth 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over 0.74 male(s)/female
total population 1.02 male(s)/female

Health :

Infant mortality rate 27.26 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth - total population 72.12 years
Life expectancy at birth - male 69.56 years
Life expectancy at birth - female 74.81 years
HIV-AIDS adult prevalence rate 0.10 %
HIV-AIDS people living with HIV-AIDS 9 200
HIV-AIDS deaths 500

Religions :

Muslim 90.00 %
Coptic 9.00 %
other Christian 1.00 %

Languages :

Arabic  
English  
French widely understood by educated classes  

Literacy :

total population 71.40 %
male 83.00 %
female 59.40 %

Country name :

conventional long form Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form Egypt
local long form Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form Misr
former United Arab Republic

Country Codes :

ISO 3166 EG
ISO Numeric 818
ISO3 EGY
FIPS EG
ccTLD eg
English Egypt

Administrative divisions :

26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah (El Beheira), Al Fayyum (El Faiyum), Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah (El Monofia), Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf (Beni Suef), Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh (Western Desert), Qina (Qena), Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj (Sohag) 

Capital :

name Cairo
geographic coordinates 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference 2.00
daylight saving time 1

International organization participation :

ABEDA ACCT
AFESD AMF
AU AfDB
BSEC (observer) CAEU
CICA COMESA
D-8 EBRD
FAO G-15
G-24 G-77
IAEA IBRD
ICAO ICC
ICCt (signatory) ICRM
IDA IDB
IFAD IFC
IFRCS IHO
ILO IMF
IMO IMSO
IOC IOM
IPU ISO
ITSO ITU
Interpol LAS
MIGA MINURCAT
MINURSO MONUC
NAM OAPEC
OAS (observer) OIC
OIF OSCE (partner)
PCA UN
UNAMID UNCTAD
UNESCO UNHCR
UNIDO UNMIL
UNMIS UNOCI
UNRWA UNWTO
UPU WCO
WFTU WHO
WIPO WMO
WTO

Independence :

1922-02-28 

National holiday :

Revolution Day

1952-07-23

Executive branch :

President Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed NAZIF

GDP - Gross Domestic product :

PPP - Purchasing Power Parity 470 400 000 000 $
Official Exchange Rate 188 000 000 000
RGR - Real Growth rate 4.50 %
PPP - per capita 6 000 $

GDP Composition by sector :

agriculture 13.10 %
industry 37.70 %
services 49.20 %

Labor force - by occupation :

agriculture 32.00 %
industry 17.00 %
services 51.00 %

Other Indicators :

Labor force 25 800 000 people
Unemployment rate 9.70 %
Population below poverty line 20.00 %
Distribution of family income - Gini index 34.40
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 10.10 %
Investment (gross fixed) 17.90 % of GDP
Current account balance - 3 320 000 000 $
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 34 990 000 000 $
Debt external 28 450 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad 12 230 000 000 $
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home 66 430 000 000 $
Market value of publicly traded shares 85 890 000 000 $
Military expenditures 3.40 % of GDP
Public debt 79.80 % of GDP

Household income or consumption by percentage share :

lowest 10% 3.90 %
highest 10% 27.60 %

Budget :

revenues 48 860 000 000 $
expenditures 61 610 000 000 $

Agriculture - products :

beans cattle
corn cotton
fruits goats
rice sheep
vegetables water buffalo
wheat

Industries :

cement chemicals
construction food processing
hydrocarbons light manufactures
metals pharmaceuticals
textiles tourism

Energy :

Electricity Production 118 400 000 000 kWh
Electricity Consumption 104 100 000 000 kWh
Electricity Exports 814 000 000 kWh
Electricity Imports 251 000 000 kWh
Oil Production 630 600 bbl/day
Oil Consumption 697 000 bbl/day
Oil Exports 155 200 bbl/day
Oil Imports 146 200 bbl/day
Oil Proved reserves 3 700 000 000 bbl
Natural gas Production 48 300 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Consumption 31 380 000 000 cubic metres
Natural gas Exports 16 920 000 000 cubic metres
Electricity Exports 1 656 000 000 000 cubic metres

Value :

22 910 000 000 $

Commodities :

chemicals cotton
crude oil and petroleum products metal products
textiles

Value :

43 980 000 000 $

Commodities :

chemicals foodstuffs
fuels machinery and equipment
wood products

Currency-name :

Egyptian pound 

Communications :

Telephons Main lines in use 12 011 000
Telephons Mobile, Cellular 41 272 000
FM Radio broadcast stations 11
Television broadcast stations 98
Internet Country code (ccTLD) eg
Internet Hosts 177 443
Internet Users 11 414 000

Transportation :

Airports with paved runways 72
Heliports 6
Pipelines - gas 13 km
Pipelines - oil 4 319 km
Pipelines - condensate 320 km
Pipelines - refined products 895 km
Pipelines - liquid petroleum gas 956 km
Roadways - total 92 370 km
Roadways - paved 74 820 km
Roadways - unpaved 17 550 km
Railways 5 063 km
Waterways 3 500 km

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